Understand the principles of equilibrium in chemical systems.
The state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
The principle that states a system at equilibrium will adjust to counteract any changes
The ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium
A reaction that does not go to completion but instead reaches a point where reactants and product...
The effect of increasing the concentration of reactants on the position of equilibrium
Measure of the relative amounts of products to reactants present in a reaction at any point in time
Kc applies to equilibria with concentrations in molarity, while Kp applies to equilibria with pre...
Increasing temperature causes the equilibrium to shift in the endothermic direction. Decreasing t...
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The state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
Chemical Equilibrium
The principle that states a system at equilibrium will adjust to counteract any changes
Le Chatelier's Principle
The ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant (K)
A reaction that does not go to completion but instead reaches a point where reactants and products are both present
Reversible Reaction
The effect of increasing the concentration of reactants on the position of equilibrium
Shifts to the right (towards products)
Measure of the relative amounts of products to reactants present in a reaction at any point in time
Reaction Quotient (Q)
Kc applies to equilibria with concentrations in molarity, while Kp applies to equilibria with pressures in atmospheres
Difference Between Kc and Kp
Increasing temperature causes the equilibrium to shift in the endothermic direction. Decreasing temperature causes the equilibrium to shift in the exothermic direction
Role of Temperature in Equilibrium Shifts
An increase in pressure pushes the equilibrium towards the side with fewer gas molecules. A decrease in pressure pushes the equilibrium towards the side with more gas molecules
Effect of Pressure Changes on Gaseous Equilibria
Catalysts reduce the activation energy of both the forward and reverse reactions, but they do not affect the position of the equilibrium
Role of Catalysts in Equilibrium
The state where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, even though reactants and products are constantly being formed and consumed
Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium
If a reactant's concentration is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the side of the reaction that consumes the reactant. If a product's concentration is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the side that consumes the product
Effect of Concentration Changes on Equilibrium
Homogeneous equilibrium is when reactants and products are in the same phase. Heterogeneous equilibrium is when reactants and products are in different phases
Difference Between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria
Partial pressure refers to the independent pressure each gas exerts within a mixture of gases
Concept of Partial Pressure in Gas Equilibria
Used in diverse sectors like pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, polymers, environmental control and many more to optimize production and minimize waste
Applications of Chemical Equilibrium in Industry
Uses principles of equilibrium to optimize the production of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
Haber Process and Its Relation to Equilibrium
The reaction quotient can be used to determine which direction a reaction will proceed to establish equilibrium
Concept of Reaction Quotient and Predicting Reaction Direction
Chemical equilibrium in biological systems controls processes like metabolism, cell division, and physiological mechanisms
Importance of Chemical Equilibrium in Biological Systems
The point of equilibrium in an acid-base reaction is the point where the concentrations of the acid, base and their conjugates do not change with time
Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions
Decreasing the volume shifts the equilibrium to the side of the reaction with fewer gas molecules. Increasing the volume shifts the equilibrium to the side of the reaction with more gas molecules
How Changes in Volume Affect Equilibrium
In an electrochemical cell, equilibrium is established when the cell potential is zero
Role of Equilibrium in Electrochemical Cells
Knowing the initial concentrations and the stoichiometry of the reaction, the equilibrium concentrations can be calculated using the equilibrium constant
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
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