AP Biology

100 cards

Sample Cards

Cell

The basic unit of all forms of life

Nucleus

The center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons

Mitochondria

Organelle that is the site of ATP production

Chloroplasts

Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy in photosynthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranous structures within the cell involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell

Ribosome

Organelle that synthesizes proteins

Lysosome

Organelle that digests waste and damaged organelles

AP Biology Flashcards

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Cell

The basic unit of all forms of life

The basic unit of all forms of life

Cell

Nucleus

The center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons

The center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Organelle that is the site of ATP production

Organelle that is the site of ATP production

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy in photosynthesis

Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy in photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranous structures within the cell involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Network of membranous structures within the cell involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell

Organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Ribosome

Organelle that synthesizes proteins

Organelle that synthesizes proteins

Ribosome

Lysosome

Organelle that digests waste and damaged organelles

Organelle that digests waste and damaged organelles

Lysosome

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material of the cell that contains the information for protein synthesis

Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material of the cell that contains the information for protein synthesis

DNA

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis

Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis

RNA

Genetics

The study of heredity and variation in living organisms

The study of heredity and variation in living organisms

Genetics

Heredity

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Heredity

Mutation

Change in the genetic material of a cell

Change in the genetic material of a cell

Mutation

Gene

A unit of heredity on a chromosome

A unit of heredity on a chromosome

Gene

Allele

Different forms of a gene

Different forms of a gene

Allele

Dominant

Allele that is always expressed when present

Allele that is always expressed when present

Dominant

Recessive

Allele that is only expressed when two copies are present

Allele that is only expressed when two copies are present

Recessive

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

Homozygous

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

Heterozygous

Genome

All of an organism's genetic material

All of an organism's genetic material

Genome

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Genetic makeup of an organism

Genotype

Phenotype

Physical traits of an organism

Physical traits of an organism

Phenotype

Punnett Square

Model used to predict the genetic outcome of a cross

Model used to predict the genetic outcome of a cross

Punnett Square

Codominance

A form of inheritance where both alleles are fully expressed

A form of inheritance where both alleles are fully expressed

Codominance

Incomplete Dominance

A form of inheritance where the phenotype is a blend of the parents

A form of inheritance where the phenotype is a blend of the parents

Incomplete Dominance

Sex-linked

A gene located on a sex chromosome

A gene located on a sex chromosome

Sex-linked

Autosome

A chromosome not directly involved in determining sex

A chromosome not directly involved in determining sex

Autosome

Meiosis

Cellular division that results in haploid cells (gametes)

Cellular division that results in haploid cells (gametes)

Meiosis

Mitosis

Cellular division that results in identical cells

Cellular division that results in identical cells

Mitosis

Zygote

The cell that forms by the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell

The cell that forms by the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell

Zygote

Gamete

Sex cell

Sex cell

Gamete

Somatic Cell

Any cell in a multicellular organism except the gametes

Any cell in a multicellular organism except the gametes

Somatic Cell

Eukaryote

Organism with cells that contain nuclei and other organelles

Organism with cells that contain nuclei and other organelles

Eukaryote

Prokaryote

Unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

Unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

Prokaryote

Haploid

Having a single set of chromosomes

Having a single set of chromosomes

Haploid

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes

Having two sets of chromosomes

Diploid

Phylum

A group of closely related classes (taxonomy)

A group of closely related classes (taxonomy)

Phylum

Kingdom

A group of closely related phyla (taxonomy)

A group of closely related phyla (taxonomy)

Kingdom

Species

The basic unit of biological classification

The basic unit of biological classification

Species

Population

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

Population

Ecology

Study of interactions between organisms and their environment

Study of interactions between organisms and their environment

Ecology

Ecosystem

Community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Ecosystem

Biotic

Related to life; includes all organisms

Related to life; includes all organisms

Biotic

Abiotic

Nonliving; includes climate, soil, water

Nonliving; includes climate, soil, water

Abiotic

Biodiversity

The variety of life on Earth

The variety of life on Earth

Biodiversity

Evolution

Change in species over time

Change in species over time

Evolution

Endemic

Species that is native to a particular region and found nowhere else

Species that is native to a particular region and found nowhere else

Endemic

Cellular Respiration

Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP

Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert light energy into glucose

Process by which plants convert light energy into glucose

Photosynthesis

Producer

Organisms that obtain energy from the sun or inorganic compounds

Organisms that obtain energy from the sun or inorganic compounds

Producer

Consumer

Organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms

Organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms

Consumer

Decomposer

Organism that breaks down and absorbs nutrients from dead organisms

Organism that breaks down and absorbs nutrients from dead organisms

Decomposer

Enzyme

Biological catalyst

Biological catalyst

Enzyme

Mutation

Change in the DNA sequence

Change in the DNA sequence

Mutation

Active Transport

The movement of materials against a concentration difference

The movement of materials against a concentration difference

Active Transport

Passive Transport

Transport of substances across a cell membrane along a concentration gradient

Transport of substances across a cell membrane along a concentration gradient

Passive Transport

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Osmosis

Chromosome

Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information

Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information

Chromosome

Genetic Drift

Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool

Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool

Genetic Drift

Charles Darwin

Naturalist who developed the theory of natural selection

Naturalist who developed the theory of natural selection

Charles Darwin

Natural Selection

Mechanism by which individuals that have beneficial traits tend to survive and reproduce more successfully

Mechanism by which individuals that have beneficial traits tend to survive and reproduce more successfully

Natural Selection

Evolutionary Fitness

Individual's ability to survive and reproduce

Individual's ability to survive and reproduce

Evolutionary Fitness

Protein

A polymer made of monomers of amino acids

A polymer made of monomers of amino acids

Protein

Carbohydrate

Compound made up of carbon

Compound made up of carbon

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Macromolecule made up of carbon and hydrogen; includes fats and oils

Macromolecule made up of carbon and hydrogen; includes fats and oils

Lipid

Nucleic Acid

Macromolecule that carries genetic information; includes DNA and RNA

Macromolecule that carries genetic information; includes DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acid

Oxygen

Chemical element with symbol O; necessary for cellular respiration

Chemical element with symbol O; necessary for cellular respiration

Oxygen

Carbon

Chemical element with symbol C; basis for all life on earth

Chemical element with symbol C; basis for all life on earth

Carbon

Hydrogen

Chemical element with symbol H; component of water

Chemical element with symbol H; component of water

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Chemical element with symbol N; component of proteins and nucleic acids

Chemical element with symbol N; component of proteins and nucleic acids

Nitrogen

Photosynthesis

Process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy by green plants

Process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy by green plants

Photosynthesis

Autotroph

Organism that can produce its own food

Organism that can produce its own food

Autotroph

Heterotroph

Organism that cannot produce its own food and must consume other organisms

Organism that cannot produce its own food and must consume other organisms

Heterotroph

Competition

Interaction between organisms or species, where both are harmed

Interaction between organisms or species, where both are harmed

Competition

Predation

Interaction where one organism kills and eats another

Interaction where one organism kills and eats another

Predation

Symbiosis

Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

Symbiosis

Commensalism

Type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Commensalism

Mutualism

Type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit

Type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit

Mutualism

Parasitism

Type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Parasitism

Biome

A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region

A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region

Biome

Trophic Level

The position an organism occupies in a food chain

The position an organism occupies in a food chain

Trophic Level

Food Chain

Diagram representing the flow of energy through each level in a feeding sequence

Diagram representing the flow of energy through each level in a feeding sequence

Food Chain

Ecological Pyramid

Graphic representation of relative energy, numbers or biomass values at successive trophic levels

Graphic representation of relative energy, numbers or biomass values at successive trophic levels

Ecological Pyramid

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