Minerals and Rocks

Learn about different types of minerals and rocks.

Sample Cards

Mineral

A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline struc...

Diamond

The hardest known natural mineral, used in cutting tools and jewelry.

Igneous Rock

The rock type formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

Sedimentary Rock

The rock type formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments.

Metamorphic Rock

The rock type formed by heat and pressure altering an existing rock.

Mohs Hardness Scale

A qualitative ordinal scale that characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals.

Quartz

A hard, crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms, known for its clear, glass-like...

Feldspar

A common rock-forming mineral, found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

Minerals and Rocks Flashcards

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Mineral

A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

Mineral

Diamond

The hardest known natural mineral, used in cutting tools and jewelry.

The hardest known natural mineral, used in cutting tools and jewelry.

Diamond

Igneous Rock

The rock type formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

The rock type formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

Igneous Rock

Sedimentary Rock

The rock type formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments.

The rock type formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments.

Sedimentary Rock

Metamorphic Rock

The rock type formed by heat and pressure altering an existing rock.

The rock type formed by heat and pressure altering an existing rock.

Metamorphic Rock

Mohs Hardness Scale

A qualitative ordinal scale that characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals.

A qualitative ordinal scale that characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals.

Mohs Hardness Scale

Quartz

A hard, crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms, known for its clear, glass-like appearance.

A hard, crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms, known for its clear, glass-like appearance.

Quartz

Feldspar

A common rock-forming mineral, found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

A common rock-forming mineral, found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

Feldspar

Mica

A mineral name given to a group of minerals that are physically and chemically similar, known for their perfect basal cleavage.

A mineral name given to a group of minerals that are physically and chemically similar, known for their perfect basal cleavage.

Mica

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks that form from cooled magma deep within the earth.

Igneous rocks that form from cooled magma deep within the earth.

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks that form at the earth's surface from lava.

Igneous rocks that form at the earth's surface from lava.

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Lithification

The process by which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock.

The process by which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock.

Lithification

Heat in Metamorphism

Increases reaction rates and triggers recrystallisation whereby new minerals, stable under high-temperature and pressure conditions, form.

Increases reaction rates and triggers recrystallisation whereby new minerals, stable under high-temperature and pressure conditions, form.

Heat in Metamorphism

Pressure in Metamorphism

Causes deformation of solid rocks by folding and fracturing.

Causes deformation of solid rocks by folding and fracturing.

Pressure in Metamorphism

Rock Cycle

A basic concept in geology that describes the time-consuming transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.

A basic concept in geology that describes the time-consuming transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.

Rock Cycle

Mineral Cleavage

The tendency of a mineral to break along flat planar surfaces as determined by the structure of its crystal lattice.

The tendency of a mineral to break along flat planar surfaces as determined by the structure of its crystal lattice.

Mineral Cleavage

Erosion in Rock Formation

The movement of weathered rocks and soil from their original location, a key process in the formation of sedimentary rocks.

The movement of weathered rocks and soil from their original location, a key process in the formation of sedimentary rocks.

Erosion in Rock Formation

Uses of Rocks and Minerals

Are applied in construction, industrial processes, decoration, scientific studies, and resource exploration.

Are applied in construction, industrial processes, decoration, scientific studies, and resource exploration.

Uses of Rocks and Minerals

Importance of Rocks

Preserve a record of Earth’s history, including the evolution of life, extinctions, climate changes, and past environments.

Preserve a record of Earth’s history, including the evolution of life, extinctions, climate changes, and past environments.

Importance of Rocks

Crystal Structure in Minerals

Is a unique arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.

Is a unique arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.

Crystal Structure in Minerals

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic rocks with a layered or banded appearance that develops from the realignment of minerals under high temperature and pressure.

Metamorphic rocks with a layered or banded appearance that develops from the realignment of minerals under high temperature and pressure.

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Volcanic Activity in Igneous Rock Formation

Volcanic eruptions bring magma to earth’s surface, cooling and solidifying it into extrusive igneous rocks.

Volcanic eruptions bring magma to earth’s surface, cooling and solidifying it into extrusive igneous rocks.

Volcanic Activity in Igneous Rock Formation

Fossilization in Sedimentary Rocks

The process of replacing organic material in remains with minerals, often preserved in sedimentary rocks.

The process of replacing organic material in remains with minerals, often preserved in sedimentary rocks.

Fossilization in Sedimentary Rocks

Mineral Streak and Luster

Refers to the color of the mineral powder (streak) and the way the mineral reflects light from its surface (luster).

Refers to the color of the mineral powder (streak) and the way the mineral reflects light from its surface (luster).

Mineral Streak and Luster

Applications of Geology in Resource Exploration

Include locating and extracting mineral resources like metals, coal, oil and natural gas.

Include locating and extracting mineral resources like metals, coal, oil and natural gas.

Applications of Geology in Resource Exploration

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